Geometrical instrument



Sept. 16, 1952 MC QUAID, s 2,610,407

7 GEOMETRIECAL INSTRUMENT Filed Aug. 10 1945 2 SHEETS.SHEET l I INVENTOR. DANIEL J. McQUAID SR.--

BY v a W Sept. 16, 1952 v MGQUAID, 5 2,610,407

I GEOMETRICAL INSTRUMENT Filed Aug. 10, 1945 I 2 SHEETS SHEET 2 INVENTOR FIG 3 DANIEL J'. McQUAID SR.

Patented Sept. 16, 1952 UNITED STATES ATENT OFFICE GfiolvitiriiieAL Immense flani'ei J .McQuaid, sa, fieiiver, Colo: Ashlee-firm Augustin, 194s. Se'iialNo; (little This invention relates to geometrical" instrumentsiand the present application is a continuation-in-part of. my (lo-pending a-ppli cationse rial No. 422,201, filed December 9', io 1, which is a continuation or" in'ylapplication Serial No. 283,525, filed June 10, 1939. 5 V

- Among the objects of this invention are to provide a novel geometrical instromentor device which is useful in making niechanicai dra to provide such a geometrical instrument w h is particularly useful in making dimetrisarawings and projections; to provide such an instrument which is particularly useful niaklii'g optically balanced axonometric drawings and pr jections; to provide such an instrument" which is particularly useful in making axonofnetric drawings and projections of objects and the" like in which lines or the like extend at difierent angles, such as 45, to the normal principal axes to provide such an instrument which is; particularly useful inmaki'ng drawings of piping systems of houses, apartments, factoriesa nd the like; to provide different forms of such instruments to increase the utility thereof; and provide such an instrument which is simple in construction and relatively inexpensive to man ras; tures Other objects and novel'features of this invention will become apparentfrom the description which follows. V

In general, a geometricald'rawinginstrument maybe constructed in accordance withthis invention so as to be provided with a plurality 09ccplana'r edges, either interior or exterior, or both, one of the edges being a'base edge, and the other edge being inclined thereto atcerta'in specified angles; Thus, at least one edge is inclined to the base edge at an angle of 36 52" 11 -.63'', orfe or more edges may be inclined to the base edgeat an angle of 37 and 10",- a nd'one or more additional edges may he'inclined -to the base ed at an angle of 59 21' Q0"'. other detailaand different embodiments of this invention are illus'ftrated in the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. l is a-plan view of one embodiment of the invention; I

Fig. 2 is a planvievv of the second embodiment of this invention; and H Fig. 3 is-a piping diagram illustrating one use of the instruments of this invention. n

The embodiments of this invention illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 comprise instruments or devices D and D, each of which is providedf vvith abase edge H]: and exterioredgesi i and! l', l 2' and 12 which are co-planarwith l a se edge" In and inclined at an angle of 36 52' 11163 thereto, but

extend gejfnerallv in opop's'ite directions. In device D of Fig. 1',- edges I0, [I and 12 comprise all the exterior edges, while device D' of Fig. 2 has, in addition to edges I0, H" and 12', exterior edges I3 which are disposed at an angle of 90 to baseed'ge Ill. lE-he edges II and" 12 of device D intersect at a common upper point, as shown, as do also the edges It and I2 of device I) at a commonlower point. Edges II and ll? of device ordevice D also intersect base ed e in at spaced lower points at shown, while the edges 11 and I2 of device 1) intersect edg'S I3 at upper spaced points. Thus, the edge ll of device D and edge H of device D extend in the same direction with respect to the base edge, but are on opposite sides Of the device, and the same relat onship exists in the'case of ed es 12' and 12 of the; two devices.

Device D is also provided with apertures 20, 3D and 40 which provide additional but interior edges,-and device D is similarly provided with apertures Zll'alld 30" Whih MS'iIl'lilEu t0 apertu'reszo and 36, respectively, though larger, but are disposed on opposite sides or the device, aperture 2!] provides two interior edges 2! and 2e, edge 2l being inclined at an angle of l0 3'7 10" to base 10, while edge 22 is inclined at an" angle of 59 21" to base edge ID. Similarly. aperture .30 provides an int'erior'ed'ge 3i which is inclined at an angle Of 1037" 10" to base edge [0 blit extends in the opposite direction to edge zil o'f aperture 20; and an interior edge 32 which is inclined at anangle of 59 21' to base edge ill but extendsin the opposite direction to edge 22 of aperture 2i]. H

Apertures' Hand 30 are preferably triangular shape, the third edge 23 and 33, respectively, or each aperture being parallel to the adjacent exterior edge" H and [2, respectively, of each aperture being parallel to the adjacent exterior edge It and 12, respectively; not only for cornvenience in manufacture, but also as indicative of the use or the other edges 2i 2-2 of aperture 26 andel and slot aperture- 311. In this conne tion, it is to' he noted that the edges 22 and 32', respectively, of apertures" 2d and as, which are inclined at the greater angle to the base e'dgje' ID, extend in the same general direction as the adjacent edges H and I2, respectively. Also; the edges 22 and 32 are nearer edges H and I2, respectively, than the edges 2! and 31, which are inclined at the lesser angle to the base edge It; In addition, the edges 2! and 3|, and 2| and 3H, extend in the opposite gen- 'r'll directions to the ad acent exterior ed'g's l 3 and I2, and II and I2, respectively. This relationship between the interior edges, and also between the interior edges and the adjacent exterior edges is of importance during use of the device, as explained hereinafter.

The device D is provided with an aperture 20" providing interior edges 2I, 22' and 23' adjacent exterior edge I I, and similar in inclination to base edge I and in general direction to the interior edges of aperture of device D. Device D is also provided with an aperture adjacent exterior edge I2 and providing interior edges 3|, 32 and 33' similar to the edges of aperture 30 of device D, as will be evident.

Device D is further provided with a central aperture which provides side edges'M dis posed at an angle of 90 to base edge I0, andare used for the same purpose as exterior edges 13 of device D, as will appear hereinafter. Aper-fi ture may be completed by a lower edge 42, parallel to base edge I 0, and upper edges 43, parallel to the adjacent exterior edges I I and I2, respectively.

' The devices D and D may be made of any suitable material, such as celluloid, or a resinous material, either thermo-plastic, such as polystyrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride-acetate copolymer, or thermal setting, such as ofthe phenolic or urea types. The devices may be transparent or translucent, if desired, or opaque, de-

pending upon the material and method of manufacture. Also, the devices may be cast,.or molded, or machined from extruded parts or rolled or cast sheets. The devices may be colored, if de-- sired, or made from metal or wood, and also may be made in any desired size or sizes. The only requirement is that the devices be sufficiently strong to withstand usage, and preferably of such construction or material as to have little tendency to twist or warp. Thus,: a laminated constructionis also possible. J

In making drawings with a device of this invention, the base edge I0 is placed against a T-square or similar straight edge, and the exterior edges II and I2 of device D, and II and I2 of device D are utilized in drawing two of the three principal axes of the object, at angles of 36 52' 11.63 to the horizontal or base line, "while edge I3 of device D and interior edges of device D are utilized in drawing the third axis and lines parallel thereto,'at an angle of 90 to the horizontal or base line. For accuracy, di mensions along the inclined axes are made to full scale, while dimensions along the vertical or 90 -axis are made to a scale. The result is .an optically balanced three dimensional dimetric system of drawing having receding axes at equiangular position with respect to horizontal or vertical reference. A perspective drawing is not mathematically correct, nor can it be ,made so; an isometric drawing, whose axes are 120 apart, is not optically balanced; and a cabinet drawing, one axis of which recedes at an angle of 45 but dimensions along which are drawn to a scale of is neither geometrically Devices correct nor mathematically accurate. constructed in accordance with this invention have been used widely to make dimetric drawings for industrial purposes, which are particularly effective in exploded views, wherein the various parts of an apparatus are shown in separated relation but in relative positions similar to those assumed when the apparatus is assem- .bledr Q A further important use of thedevices of-this invention lie in making piping diagrams and the like, such as in Fig. 3. Since the piping of an office building, apartment house, or the like, is often quite complicated, and usually involves risers, or vertical runs, horizontal runs in both directions, and long and short lengths of pipe which extend at an angle of 45 to the horizontal directions, any tool which will permit a complete piping diagram to be made with ease is extremely valuable, particularly when the diagram is easily understood. The device of this invention is such a tool.

As in Fig. 3, the piping system is supplied with steam orhot water by a furnace F. The vertical runs or risers II3 are drawn with the edges I3 or' il ..'0f the devices of this invention; the hori- .zontal pipes or runs III in one direction are drawn with the edges II or II; the horizontal pipes'or. runs H2 in the perpendicular direction are drawn with the edges I2 or I2; the 45 riser pipes or runs I2I and' I22, extending upwardly to the".left and right, respectively, at right angles to pipes I I 2 butin vertical planes parallel to the vertical plane of horizontal pipes III, are drawn with edges 2I or 2i and 22 or 22, respectively; and the pipes or runs I3I. and I32 extending at 45 upwardly atright angles-to pipes III but in vertical planes parallel to the vertical plane of horizontal pipes I I 2 to the right and left, respectively, arerdrawn with edges 3! or 3|, and 32 or 32..respectively. Such piping comprises all the usual directions'which piping may take, the conventional fittings .being unionsfor continuations of straight runs, I s or T's for takeofi of a pipe in'a perpendicular direction and 45 Us or Ts for take-off of a pipe in a 45 direction.

From the above, several results of value are evident. For instance,- the adjacency of edges 2| and 22 to edge II, and of edges 2! and 22 to edge II, as well as the adjacency of edges 3 I and 32 to edge I2, and of edges3l and32 to edge I2, facilitates selection ofthe proper edge to draw a 45 riser, and reduces mistakes in use,

:as well as difficulties in teaching and/or learning use of the device. In addition, the preferred to the left themselves in an unmistakable manner, and similarly for the edges which slope upwardly to the right. Also, the presence of edges parallel to the edges representative of the principal axes is a constant reminder of the vertical plane in which the 45 risers to be drawn are correctly placed. Thus, there is a definite and valuable cooperation, not only between the edges II and I2 and loweredges of -theapertures, for instance, but also between the edges I I and I2 and the position ofthe apertures or additional edges for drawing 45 risers'o'r'the like.

.The device'D of Fig. 2 possesses certain advantages not possessed by'the device- D.- The relative position of edges II and I2 isthe more usual relationship between the horizontal axes, i. e., the object or the like is more often'represented as being looked down upon rather than looked up at. Furthermore, less shifting of the device D, in making a 'usual drawing, is necessary. Also, in shifting from one horizontal axis to the other, the drawing is obscured lessduring such movement. The sides I3 arealso more convenient to use in drawing'werticallines.

From the foregoing, it will be apparent that a goemetrical instrument of this invention fulfills to a marked degree the objects and requirements hereinbefore set forth. The numerousnovel features thereof, including the combina embodiments have been illustrated and described,"

it will be understood that other embodiments may exist and that changes other than those indicated may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:

1. A geometrical instrument having a plurality of co-planar edges, including an exterior base edge; a first and second inclined exterior edge extending in opposite general directions and each inclined at an angle of 36 52' 11.63" to said base edge; a first and second interior edge provided by an aperture adjacent said first inclined exterior edge, said first interior edge being inclined at an angle of 59 21 to said base edge and extending in the same general direction as said first inclined exterior edge, and said second interior edge being inclined at an angle of 37 10" to said base edge, being more closely adjacent said base edge than said first interior edge, and extending in a general direction opposite to said first inclined exterior edge; and a third and fourth interior edge provided by an aperture adjacent said second inclined exterior edge, said third interior edge being inclined at an angle of 59 21 to said base edge and extending the same general direction as said second inclined exterior edge, and said fourth interior edge being inclined at an angle of 10 37' 10" to said base edge, being spaced more closely adjacent said base edge than said third interior edge, and extending in a general direction pposite to said second inclined exterior edge.

2. A geometrical instrument as defined in claim 1, wherein said inclined exterior edges intersect at their upper ends.

3. A geometrical instrument as defined in claim 1, wherein said inclined exterior edges intersect at the top, and said device includes a central aperture providing at least one interior edge disposed at 90 to said base edge.

4. A geometrical instrument as defined in claim 1, wherein said apertures are triangular in shape and the third edge thereof is parallel to the adjacent inclined exterior edge.

5. A geometrical instrument having a plurality of co-planar exterior and interior edges, said interior edges being provided by apertures in said device, said edges including an exterior base edge; a second exterior edge inclined at an angle of 36 52 11.63" to said base edge; a third exterior edge also inclined at an angle of 36 52' 11.63" to said base edge but extending in the opposite general direction to said second exterior edge and intersecting the same at an upper point; interior edges provided by an aperture adjacent said second exterior edge and including an interior edge parallel to said second exterior edge, an interior edge extending in the same general direction as said second exterior edge and at an angle of 59 21 to said base edge, and an interior edge extending in the opposite general direction from said second exterior edge and at an angle of 10 37 10" to said base edge; interior edges provided by an aperture adjacent said third exterior edge, and including an interior edge parallel to said third exterior edge, an interior edge extending in the same general direction as said third exterior edge and at an angle of 59 21' to said third exterior edge, and an interior edge extending in the opposite general direction from said third exterior edge and at an angle of 10 37' 10" to said base edge; and

- interior edges provided by a central aperture and including parallel side edges of said aperture extending at to said base edge, a lower edge parallel to said base edge, and intersecting upper edges parallel to said second, and third exterior edges.

6. A geometrical instrument having a plurality of co-planar exterior and interior edges, said interior edges being provided by apertures in said device, said edges including an exterior base edge; exterior side edges extending at 90 to said base edge; an inclined exterior edge extending downwardly and inwardly from an upper point of intersection with one of said side edgesand at an angle of 36 52' 11.63" to said base edge; another inclined exterior edge extending downwardly and inwardly from an upper point of intersection with the other side edge and at an angle of 36 52' 11.63 to said base edge and to a point of intersection with the other inclined exterior edge; and interior edges provided by a .triangular aperture adjacent each said inclined exterior edge, one edge of each aperture being parallel to said inclined exterior edge, another and lowermost edge of each aperture extending in an opposite general direction from said parallel edge and at an angle of 10 37' 10" to said base edge, and the third edge of each aperture extending in the same general direction as said parallel edge and at an angle of 59 21' to said base edge.

DANIEL J. MCQUAID, SR.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 777,770 Barnes Dec. 20,1904 855,987 Schlageter June 4, 1907 870,959 Hitchings Nov. 12, 1907 1,470,530 Hohmann Oct. 9, 1923 1,584,507 Bolling May 11, 1926 1,723,517 McFadden Aug. 6, 1929 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 1,357 Great Britain 1893 101,274 Austria Got. 10, 1925 OTHER REFERENCES Publ.: Anleitung Zum Axonometrischen Zeichnen, J. Weisbach, 1857, pp. 615, 18, 22, 23, 27 and 28.

Publ.: Civilingenieur, vol. 7, 1861, cols. 83-86, plate 6, Figs. 10-12.

Publ.: Technical Drawing, Giesecke et al., pp. 148-150, published 1933, Tech. Book Co. 

